Classical models built from the math you already know
A detective's evidence board: string and pins connecting suspects to clues. Not every pin gets used the same amount. One clue, maybe a fingerprint or a receipt, keeps coming up again and again and earns the biggest pin on the board. A fitted decision tree keeps exactly that kind of record. Every split it made leaned on one particular feature, and some features get leaned on far more than others.
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▶ Reading What a Tree Learned: Feature Importance